2008年8月27日星期三

新能源道路上的不懈的努力





下面是引文：
I met a traveller from an antique land Who said:—Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert. Near them on the sand,Half sunk, a shatter'd visage lies, whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive, stamp'd on these lifeless things,The hand that mock'd them and the heart that fed.And on the pedestal these words appear:"My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!"Nothing beside remains: round the decayOf that colossal wreck, boundless and bare,The lone and level sands stretch far away.1
I don't remember when I first learned about the second law of thermodynamics. I know I probably first heard the word "entropy" in the Doctor Who episode "Logopolis," in which entropy was a major theme. I know the novelization of that episode stated the second law as simply "Entropy increases," and those words stayed with me.
But I expect I didn't really understand the meaning of the words until we studied thermodynamics in my high school chemistry class. I know it was around that time that phrases like "cruel entropy" and "all-destroying entropy" started to crop up in the bad emo poetry I wrote at that age. Because it didn't take long after understanding the concept for me to realize that, if a law of nature can be regarded as evil, the second law is the most evil principle imaginable. Entropy is the force that causes flowers to fade and love to die and memories to disappear and empires to crumble and worlds to end and the entire universe to one day cease to exist. It is the essence of loss, of endings.
The laws of thermodynamics, taken together, represent everything that is small and empty and depressing and meaningless in life. They are the reason why all living things, from bacteria to men, are bound in an endless cycle of battling over scarce resources. They are the reason why simply being requires a tremendous effort—why a living organism must struggle, day after day after day, lest it cease to exist. They are the reason why humans—thinking, feeling, loving, dreaming beings who surely deserve a better kind of life—must eat, must work so they can eat, must forego the pursuit of pleasure so they can work—why priests and patriarchs throughout the ages must crush the free spirit of the child and leave the empty shell of the adult to "grow up" and accept the inevitable necessity of labor and suffering as a matter of survival. For nothing, by the laws of thermodynamics, can come for free; it is only at the price of blood, sweat, and tears that we can wrest a share of that finite and dwindling supply of energy from the universe and keep ourselves alive for another day.
The laws of thermodynamics may be true. All our observations of the universe seem to confirm them. But, true though they might be, I don't think anyone could argue that they are wrong. The universe simply should not be that way. That, I think, is why nearly every culture has its myth of paradise—there is something in the human spirit that recognizes that the universe could be better—that there is another kind of life than a futile struggle to survive until entropy consumes us and returns us to the dust. Every human alive has experienced that kind of effortless existence for at least nine months. Most have another decade or two in which they can live it, before they are forced out into the "real world" to struggle, to decay, and to have only breeding as a means to forestall entropy and have some part of themselves survive. But humans are creatures of memory. We retain the knowledge that we once existed without effort. And we dream, we hope, we pray that that kind of existence is not lost to us forever. We hope that we will one day return to paradise.
And, unlike any other species that has ever lived on planet Earth, we have found ways of defying the laws of nature and creating paradise for ourselves. The laws of nature made us hunter-gatherers, dependent on the land, the luck of the hunt, and the whims of the weather—and so we invented agriculture. The laws of nature then made us laborers, required to work the fields from dawn to dusk—and so we invented mechanization. The laws of nature made bound us by scarcity—and so we invented mass production. The laws of nature made us geographically dispersed and divided against one another—and so we invented the Internet. Generation and generation of scientific miracles, large and small, wrought by the hands of men with the memory of a better kind of life retained by their spirits, have brought we who are alive today closer than any living thing that has ever existed on this planet to truly living in paradise. And yet, we are told, our victory over nature is hollow and temporary. One day, the oil will run out, the sun will burn up, the very protons that compose us will disintegrate. Despite all we have gained, we remain trapped, confined by the insurmountable barrier of the laws of thermodynamics.
At some level, I've always understood the implications of the laws of thermodynamics to be so. So I've never wanted to accept them as real. I've been hoping for a long time that we've missed something, that our understanding of the universe is incomplete, that there's some loophole that makes the dream of paradise possible. And that's why Steorn got my attention. Beyond the importance of the Orbo technology in addressing the current oil crisis, beyond the effects of free energy on geopolitics, beyond the promise of an unpolluted biosphere and a thousand technologies like warp drive and matter replication out of science fiction, if Steorn can show that the laws of thermodynamics are not so absolute as we have always been taught, then the possibility is open that a different kind of life will be possible. Free energy is, ultimately, the promise of a universe in which people can spend their lives at play instead of at work, not forced to accept suffering as the price of survival; no longer warring over scarce resources, but able to love and respect one another, each able to pursue our own bliss without needing to wrest it from another. It will enable us to exist at last as human beings, and not as hamsters bound all our lives in wheels.
And that view obviously makes me emotionally invested in the hope of free energy. And I know that it is that hope of paradise that scammers throughout history—whether they be priests who promise paradise in some other life or pseudoscientists who promise paradise after enough donations to their research—have relied upon. So I have to try not to put more hope in Steorn than is justified by the facts. I have to remain rationally skeptical. The facts that are known thus far seem to be reason to remain optimistic, but, as Sean himself is the first to remind people, nothing that has been divulged comes anywhere close to constituting proof. And so, I wait.
Sean, please have what you say you have. Please be the one to give the human race the keys to paradise.
It's not a fantasy, another mystery; It's just what I can feel, and something I can see.It's like a memory, and in a melodyIt's just what we all know, and we all hear.
以上作者的想法看来代表了本类天才的共同信念
切割磁力线, 磁通量发生变化了，由于楞次定律，就会产生电流，来抵消磁通量发生的变化。
转子偏转，组成转子的金属原子在洛仑兹力下定向移动，从而产生电流。能量：磁场能→电能。
发电机结构及工作原理 发电机通常由定子、转子、端盖及轴承等部件构成。 定子由定子铁芯、线包绕组、机座以及固定这些部分的其他结构件组成。 转子由转子铁芯(或磁极、磁扼)绕组、护环、中心环、滑环、风扇及转轴等部件组成。 由轴承及端盖将发电机的定子，转子连接组装起来，使转子能在定子中旋转，做切割磁力线的运动，从而产生感应电势，通过接线端子引出，接在回路中，便产生了电流。
磁力线又叫做磁感线。人们将磁力线定义为处处与磁感应强度相切的线，磁感应强度的方向与磁力线方向相同，其大小与磁力线的密度成正比。了解磁力线的基本特点是掌握和分析磁路的的基础。 理论和实践均表明，磁力线具有下述基本特点：1.磁力线是人为假象的曲线2.磁力线有无数条3.磁力线是立体的4.所有的磁力线都不交叉5.磁力线的相对疏密表示磁性的相对强弱，即磁力线疏的地方磁性较弱，磁力线密的地方磁性较强6.磁力线总是从 N 极出发，进入与其最邻近的 S 极，并形成闭合回路。这一现象在电磁学中称为磁通连续性定理，由 Maxwell 方程描述为：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 · B =0 (4-1)上式又称为磁场的高斯定律，表示任意磁场的散度为 0 ，即通过任意闭合曲面的净磁通总是 0 ，磁力线总是闭合的。同电流类似，磁力线总是走磁阻最小（磁导率最大）的路径，因此磁力线通常呈直线或曲线，不存在呈直角拐弯的磁力线。任意二条同向磁力线之间相互排斥，因此不存在相交的磁力线。当铁磁材料未饱和时，磁力线总是垂直于铁磁材料的极性面。当铁磁材料饱和时，磁力线在该铁磁材料中的行为与在非铁磁性介质（如空气、铝、铜等）中一样。 由于磁力线具有这样的基本特性，因此介质的磁化状态取决于介质的磁学特性和几何形状。显而易见，在通常情况下，介质都处于非均匀磁化状态，也就是说通常介质内部的磁力线都成曲线状态且分布不均匀；另外，由于在自然界虽存在电的绝缘体，但不存在磁的绝缘体，使得通常的磁路都存在漏磁。介质处于非均匀磁化状态和磁路都存在漏磁这二个特征，就决定了磁路的准确计算非常复杂。 参考资料： 1.http://www.magnet-space.com/
以前，科学家只是从理论上推测，在太阳风暴、核反应中，“应该存在”一个非常重要而奇特的“点”——磁零点。而最近，我国天文学家通过卫星观测数据，真实地“捕捉”到了宇宙中的磁零点。最新成果发表在近期出版的《自然·物理学》杂志上。　　磁零点是什么？它就像地球上的台风眼——别看台风呼啸横扫数百公里，小小的台风眼里却风平浪静。我国天文学家发现，来自太阳的电磁风暴同样也有台风眼——尽管“太阳风暴”袭击地球磁场时，甚至可以引起无线通讯中断，但在台风眼之中，却有个磁场为零的地方。　　多年来，为寻找磁零点，欧洲宇航局启动了“星簇”计划，连续发射了四颗卫星，中国也实施了“双星”计划。日前，卫星在离地球约12.6万公里的太空中，观测到一次“太阳风暴”侵袭下的地球磁场。根据观测数据，国家天文台肖池阶副研究员、大连理工大学王晓钢教授、北京大学濮祖荫教授等为主的研究小组，首次发现了自然界中存在的磁零点。当期杂志配发评论，认为这是磁重联研究领域中“极其重要的”进展。　　在神奇的磁零点上，发生着太空中十分常见的物理过程——磁重联。在太阳风暴的“劲吹”下，“背风”处的地球磁场从原先的圆球形，被“吹”得好像飘扬的长发。长发般的磁力线在太阳风的“逼迫”下，不断逼近磁零点。　　当两条磁极方向相反的磁力线与磁零点无限接近的那一瞬间，两条磁力线开始“重新联结”：同时从中断开，并连接成两条新的磁力线——一条带着太阳风暴的等离子体飞向浩淼的太空，另一条则如同拉满的橡皮筋，缩向地球，它所携带的高能粒子“撞”进地球南北两极的大气层，形成美丽的极光。　　据国家天文台汪景琇研究员介绍，以前人们只是在理论上推测磁零点的存在，但这次他们利用该台赵辉博士发展的微分拓扑学方法，通过实际观测数据分析，发现了磁重联的中心区域存在磁零点，并计算出磁零点周围的磁力线存在螺旋结构。　　由于磁重联存在于太阳耀斑、磁约束核聚变等重要物理过程中，是能量转换和加速带电粒子的基本机制之一，因此，这一发现有助于彻底解决磁重联理论中一些长期悬而未决的难题。
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